Who would have argued that we do not need to directly be reinforced or punished to learn?

a. Edward Thorndike b.

b. Ivan Pavlov

c. F. Skinner

d. Albert Bandura

Answer: d. Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura believe that we do not need to directly be reinforced or punished to learn for we are likely imitate those people similar to us. If a child imitates a model's behavior and the consequences are rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behavior and her behavior has been reinforced without punishment needed.

Moreover, a child will behave in a way which it believes will earn approval to her/his parents because a child desires approval and will also take into account of what happens to other people when deciding whether or not to copy someone's action.