What event can initiate secondary succession?

A) a forest fire

B) an abandoned field

C) a flood

D) all of the above

Answer: D) all of the above

Explanation:

Secondary succession occurs when the severity of disturbance is insufficient to remove all the existing vegetation and soil from a site. Many different kinds of disturbances, such as fire, flooding, windstorms, and human activities (e. g., logging of forests) can initiate secondary succession.