Explain what a second messenger molecule's role is in signal transduction, and give an example. Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers.

Explanation:

The extracellular factors act as the first messengers. These are usually hormones and neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters like serotonin, growth hormone and epinephrine. The second messenger depends on the signals received by cell surface receptors. The cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers. The secondary messenger target molecules present in nucleus and cytoplasm.

The signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and nucleus with the change in receptor. This leads to the activation of signaling cascade.