Primary succession begins after

a?

Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.

Answer: a new volcanic rock

Explanation: Primary succession is a a type of ecological succession in which change in vegetation which occurs on previously unvegetated region. Examples of where primary succession may take place include the newly developed islands, new volcanic rock, and on land formed from glacial retreats.