Which of the following affect all ocean resource spaces, including air column, sea surface, water column, and seafloor?

Development of artificial reefs

Undersea cables

Operation of wind turbines

Use of commercial shipping lanes

The answer is Operation of Wind Turbines. Wind turbines will occupy the air column, sea surface, water column, and seafloor, but is still compatible with other ocean uses. It serves as an artificial reef which encourage reef organisms to grow and thrive.