Which of the following is not a direct cause of flooding

melting snow

an ice storm

excess precipitation

excess surface runoff

I think excess precipitation ...

Melting snow converts a solid into liquid water and flooding.

Excess precipitation hits the ground and runs off, creating flooding.

Excess surface runoff, basically the same thing, creates flooding.

However, an ice storm can simply build UP things like snow. The snow itself is not a direct cause of flooding, so therefore the ice storm is not a direct cause of flooding.

Answer - - > An ice storm