Which pattern of inheritance is responsible for a wide range of phenotypes that result from the individual organisms having many different Gene pairs controlling a single trait

The answer is polygenic inheritance.

Polygenic inheritance is responsible for traits that are controlled by two or more genes. It is also called multiple gene inheritance. Examples of polygenic inheritance are height, weight, skin color, eye color.

Since a great number of genes control one trait, it is expected that each one has a relatively small effect