All of the following are included in the five steps of the ETL process except:

a. Scrub the data

b. Obtain the data

c. Determine the purpose and scope of the data request

d. Validate the data for completeness and integrity

A. Scrub the data

Explanation:

In business, ETL stands for Extract, Transform, and Load. It represent a collection of actions that the companies need to do in order to gather relevant data from one or more sources.

Data scrubbing is the action that company can do to fix the situation if they experience some sort of error in the data gathering. Since it's something that the company tends to avoid at all cost, it's not part of the steps in the whole ETL process.