Nikola, a salesperson at a cosmetic firm, gives a sales presentation to Jarvis. When she begins her sales presentation, Jarvis assumes that she is a good and effective salesperson because he remembers an incident where she was polite and courteous to him. Since then, Jarvis always perceives Nikola to be good at her job. Which of the following phenomena best explains Jarvis's perception of Nikola?

A. The hindsight bias

B. The bandwagon effect

C. The courtesy bias

D. The halo effect

E. The primacy effect

D. The halo effect

Explanation:

Bias occurs when an individual lacks objectivity and impartiality in making decisions. There are various kinds of bias. However, in this scenario, the bias associated with here is the halo effect. The halo effect is a form of bias in which an individual opinion or feel concerning an individual or an event is influenced by the impression the individual gets from the other individual or event. It is when an overall judgement is made on an individual based on some specific characteristics or traits of the person. In this case, because of the polite and nice characteristics of the salesperson, Jarvis assumes that she's an effective salesperson. Of which those characteristics has nothing to do with effectiveness in sales.

D) The halo effect

Explanation:

In psychology, the halo effect refers to the bias or tendency to judge a person by the personal impression we get from them. This can result in a positive bias where we like a person and think that everything that they do is correct because it him/her. Or in the other hand, we can also have a negative bias where we dislike a person and everything that he/she does is wrong or not good.

In this case, Jarvis has a very good overall impression of Nikola, and whenever they meet, Jarvis believes that Nikola is dong a good work. Jarvis's opinions about Nikola's work are influenced by his feelings towards her (he regards her as kind and courteous) more than by her actual work.