n much of the United States and Canada, logging takes place in both privately owned and government-owned forests. a. Privately owned forests are: private, nonrival, and excludable. public, rival, and excludable. private, rival, and nonexcludable. private, rival, and excludable

Private, rival and excludable.

Explanation:

Privately owned forests are having the following characteristics:

(i) Rival: If one person consumes a good then this will reduce the quantity of good available to others which means that less good is available to others for consumption.

(ii) Excludable: This characteristic states that owner of a good can restrict or exclude others from the consumption of a good.

Since it is a private forests, the owner restrict others to steals the logs from his property and this make it excludable. Therefore, these two features stated in the private forests indicating that it is a private good.

Private, Rival, Excludable

Explanation:

Since the forests are privately owned, they are private goods.

Excludable goods are those which can be feasibly prevented to be used by non payers. The private forest is being excluded from access by private owners, for forest & its resources safety (no stealing). So, it is excludable.

Rival goods are those, whose consumption by a consumer reduces their availability to be used by other consumers. Logged woods or any other forest resources extracted by one consumer, reduces their available quantity for other forest users. So, it is rival.