Typically, how many weeks of vacation do working americans receive at their full-time job?

After a year of work, 1 week, if you started in the middle of calender year, some employers give a day for for every 10 weeks of work. After 2 years some move up to 2 weeks vacation. The more years with the company the more vacation. Some up to 4 weeks per year after 10 years service.

Check with other employee's, you should get the same as they do. Also check for a company handbook, if its in writing, they must follow it.