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A beta particle:

is electromagnetic energy

is an electron

has zero charge

has zero mass

has a + 2 charge

has a - 1 charge

A beta particle is an electron and it has a - 1 charge and zero mass.

Beta decay by emitting an electron is called as β⁻ decay. When this happens, a neutron of the element converts into a proton by emitting an electron. Hence, the mass of daughter nucleus is same as parent atom but atomic number/number of protons is higher by 1 than atomic number of parent atom.

In a β⁻ decay, the symbol is used as ₋₁⁰β or ₋₁⁰e.

-1 is for charge

0 is for the mass of the particle

There are certain particles or packets or energy which are generated each time there is some imbalance inside the atomic structure of an atom. As there are a unique number or electrons and protons inside the atoms which however remains the same until some sort of effects or force tends them to dislocate from there position of equilibrium.

That is how when an external source is there for an atom (having the characteristics of radiation), there is a net change of the neutral particles into the positrons which tends the whole system inside the atom to attain a balance state. Because it is not possible for an atom to have an unequal number of positrons and electrons on it. And, this effect of conversion inside the atomic structure tends the electrons in the outer shells to move far from the nucleus and at last they are made free while have a net speed they can easily penetrate through a number of mediums. So, we can just say that the Beta particles is another term used for the detached number of electrons from the nucleus which travels in a more specific path or route, as each atom or molecule requires a level of electronic stability on it. So, it has net - 1 charge on it, while being an electron with a high level of velocity and energy its mass, m becomes zero in total. While, the transmission of such detached electrons from a given nucleus is termed as the release of electromagnetic energy inside a given space or medium.