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26 September, 04:27

How many different sets of equivalent protons are there for para-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene) ? only 1 two three four?

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  1. 26 September, 04:50
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    Two

    Step-by-step explanation:

    There are two ways to determine the number sets of equivalent protons in a compound.

    (a) By substitution

    Replace each H with a different group and see if you get a different compound

    For example, the six CH₃ H atoms are an equivalent set, because, if I replace any one of them, I will always get the same compound: 1-chloromethyl-4-methylbenzene (Fig. 1).

    Similarly, the four aromatic H atoms are an equivalent set. If I replace any one of them, I will always get the same compound: 2-chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene (Fig. 2).

    Thus, there are two sets of equivalent protons in p-xylene.

    (b) By symmetry

    Two atoms are equivalent if one can be converted into the other by a symmetry operation on the molecule.

    The methyl hydrogens can be interconverted by a combination of reflections about the AB and CD mirror planes and by rotations about the C-C bonds to the ring (Fig. 3).

    Similarly, the four aromatic H atoms can be interconverted by a combination of reflections about the AB and CD mirror planes.

    Again, we find two sets of equivalent protons.
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