What type of memory speeds up the action performed by the computer and anticipates instructions?

A cache memory is a small piece of memory that can be accessed very fast. It keeps copies of data that is used often. For example, by keeping data read from a database in memory, the second time the data is needed, it can be taken from the cache in stead of a lengthy query in the database.

Caches can be found in hardware (ie., on the cpu itself), but also as a programming concept in software.