Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with crime (has not been linked to increasing the likelihood of criminality) ?

A. family and friends who hold criminal beliefs and engage in criminality

B. lack of educational motivation

C. a bond with a religion

D. single-parent household

Single-parent household

Explanation:

"D" is NOT a risk factor associated with crime. It has been demonstrated that children grown in single-parent (mother or father) families do not show violent patterns. On the contrary, children grown in single-parent homes follow rules more accurately and tend to have instincts to form well-constituted families during their adulthood.