What are the order of the stages of primary succession beginning with glacial retreat as seen at glacier bay?

Answer: The order of the stages of primary succession as seen at glacier bay are Pioneer, Dryas, Alder, and Spruce stages.

Explanation:

Primary succession is the process that plant species use to colonize a sterile habitat. The first living organisms, the pioneer species are hardy species, for example moss that are able to survive in any habitat. These change the unfavorable environment (lava, rock) to soil.

In Glacier bay, Alaska, the dryas came next, providing the soil with Nitrogen, then Alders which maintains the nitrogen content in the soil. This is followed by spruce trees which grow in the the shade of the alder.