Rain clouds moving from west to east are blocked by a mountain range and cause rain only on the western side. This makes the climate on the western side rainy and the eastern side dry. Which of these Earth systems interact to produce this difference in climate?

This is called as Orographic rainfall

Explanation:

In this situation, the mountain acts as a natural barrier influencing the winds and clouds thereby altering the climate of a place by blocking the free flow of winds on another side i. e the leeward side. The clouds are restricted by the mountain divide and the rain generally takes place on the western or windward side. The eastern side experience draught like condition with scanty rainfall and dropped winds speed. Orographic rainfall is a process of the earth landscape produce due to the result of the interaction with earth's surface features and in reactions, to the shifting nature of winds in various seasons.

The atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere.

Explanation:

The earth system is made up of different interacting parts which makes our blue planet unique. The contributing parts are:

Hydrosphere Geosphere Biosphere Atmosphere

From the problem stated, the type of rainfall we have here is called the orographic rainfall which results from the leeward side being dry and the windward side wet on a mountain.

In order for this to occur, the hydrosphere which is the sphere of all the water on earth must interact with the atmosphere and geosphere.

The mountain is a part of the geosphere which is the solid and rocky portion of the earth.

The atmosphere is the source of the wind which tends to contain the rain clouds. Atmosphere is the gaseous portion of the earth.

These parts interacts dynamically to furnish an orographic rainfall as described.