31. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called: A) shaping. B) conditioned reinforcement. C) the law of effect. D) resistance to extinction. 32. Primary reinforcers could best be described as: A) discriminative stimuli B) conditioned stimuli C) conditioned reinforcers. D) innately satisfying stimuli 33. Children often imitate behaviors seen on television and online videos. This best illustrates the impact of A) modeling. B) latent learning C) instinctive drift D) fixed-interval reinforcement schedules

31. C. Law of Effect

32. D. Innate satisfying stimuli

33. A. Modeling

Explanation:

BF Skinner elaborated the Law of Effect of Throndike by introducing reinforcement. Skinner proposed that behavior that is reinforced is more likely to be repeated and without reinforcement, it would eventually die out.

Primary reinforcers are unconditioned, meaning they are biologically important and learning is not necessary. Examples would be eating, sleeping, sex and the like.

The idea of modelling was introduced by Bandura. As children are surrounded by different individuals, exposed to TV characters and the like, they often observe and imitate the behavior of these "models". At first children are more likely to imitate those who are like them, and then evenutally associate the behavior to rewards and consequences. If the behavior they imitated lead to rewards, they would most likely continue the imitated behavior.