Bead artists create fabric using only a needle and thread. What is this technique called?

natural bead weaving

off-loom bead weaving

casual bead weaving

informal bead weaving

I would say the correct answer is natural bead weaving.

When it comes to this technique, you only need a needle and thread if you want to make some jewelry, such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, etc. As for the other options here, they are just variations of the natural bead weaving, which is the most basic one.