What principles would describe Madison's argument about the federal government?

Principle of bicameral functioning of the legislature, separate and equal allocation of powers in all the three branches of the government and the system of checks and balances would best describe the federal government. Strong central government was felt necessary than the states to be given with undue powers.

Explanation:

James Madison who is a strong supporter of the federal government advocated the two-tier structure of the congress. He also strongly advocated split-up of powers in order to limit the interference of the government and the three branches called legislature, judiciary and executive is conferred with some powers which are distinct and unique.

He also strongly proposed the principles of checks and balances wherein the three branches exert supervisory and regulatory authority over the other divisions of the administration which safeguards it from becoming authoritative and despotic while exercising powers.