What were the foundations for many of the reform movements of the early 1800s?

A. politics and pessimism

B. philosophy and nativism

C. religion and optimism

D. culture and transcendentalism

Answer: Politics and pessimism.

Explanation:

At the beginning of the 19th century, a series of revolutionary movements took over Europe. It all began with the French Revolution from the late 18th century. The cause of these movements was the politics and pessimism of the population towards power centers. The people were dissatisfied and struggled to cope with the daily economic woes.

The 19th century saw the unification and emergence of some new states that were the product of broader political activity on the continent. Revolutionary movements are also happening on other continents such as South America. The people sought independence from the European occupiers. Many have found their way into such understandings in the French Revolution.