In the early 1900s, the recall, referendum, and initiative provisions were all examples of

-progressive reform measures.

-parts of political machines.

-laws governing taxes.

-laws governing big business.

parts of political machines

Explanation:

In direct democracy, people decide on policies and determine policy outcomes without any intermediary. In US politics direct democracy is subnational, local and state level rather than federal one.

There are three types of direct democracy instruments and each state adopts one form or another:

initiative, referendum, and recall.

progressive reform measures