How does the distribution of senate seats among the states illustrate the principle of federalism?

The main principles of federalism the existence of a central government that respects local governments that are equal between them.

the Constitution Convention in Philadelphia it was established that there would be equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

This means that in the Senate every state has an equal number of representatives. This was called "Great compromise" or "Connecticut Compromise".