What was one of the effects of the crusades on european society? the conversion of parts of southern and eastern europe to islam the importation of the black death the architectural method of building stone fortifications the temporary unification of catholic and orthodox branches of christianity all of the above?

c. the architectural method of building stone fortifications

d. the temporary unification of catholic and orthodox branches of Christianity

Explanation:

The main effect of crusader on the European society is the building of forts with big stones in order to defend and safe the cities from the attack of the enemies. The other effect of the crusades on European society is the joining of the armies of catholic and orthodox which are the branches of Christianity against the Muslims. This union of catholic and orthodox is temporary and ends when the war is over.

The answer is all of the above

Explanation:

The crusades which happened on the European society brought about so many changes in the life of people in that region and the environment at large. during the Crusades, so many lands were captured with the prominent being that of palestine that had a shortlived christian people living in it before the subsequent loss to islam.

It also encourages, the architectural method of building stone fortifications as can been seen in various ancient buildings and the unification of catholic and orthodox branches of christianity after the defeat of the warring parallel bishop. Also, it was in the period of the crusades on the European society that the most famous disease known as Bubonic plague (Black death) ravaged Europe.