What is the main case of the islamic worlds hardship in the thirteenth century

A. Mongol tribes invaded Muslim lands

B. western Europeans invaded Muslim lands

C. famine and diseases introduced for Africa

D. dissension between rival factions of Islam

The appropriate answer is b. Mongol tribes invading Muslim lands. The Mongol tribes had been empowered Genghis Khan and as such had become a formidable hoard of conquerors that had seized much of the Eurasian landmass and the ruling Islamic caliphate in the west. The hardships during this period marked the end of the Golden age of Islam.