What was one major effect of the Ming dynasty's policy to restrict trade between China and Europe? A. An alliance of European armies attacked China to force the emperor to reverse the policy. B. The Ming dynasty was able to convert merchants' boats into powerful warships. C. European demand for Asian luxury goods plummeted, weakening China's economy. D. Pirates and smugglers began to supply European merchants with Chinese goods.

D. piarets and smugglers began to supply europwan merchants with chinese goods

The correct answer is D) Pirates and smugglers began to supply European merchants with Chinese goods.

A major effect of the Ming dynasty's policies to restrict trade between China and Europe was that Pirates and smugglers began to supply European merchants with Chinese goods.

The Ming dynasty exported fine products such as porcelain. Indeed it was the most important product that Europeans demanded in the 17th century. In this time, the Ming Dynasty considered that China has the wherewithal to be self-sufficient and did not want to depend on trade or other countries to prosper. But the at the end, trade was a necessity for China and for other countries as the base of growth. A major effect of the Ming dynasty's policies to restrict trade between China and Europe was that Pirates and smugglers began to supply European merchants with Chinese goods.