Where did Islam establish a presence in Europe during the Middle Ages?

1. In the middle ages, before the rise of the Turkish empire, Greece, Serbia and some parts of Turkey in the Balkans were still the territories of the orthodox church, but for a short time at the end of the middle ages, these places were ruled by the sultan. At its height, Turkey ruled all the way to Austria.

2. Shortly after the rise of Islam, the Spanish peninsula was also an area ruled by Islam, but it was blocked by the pyrenees and could not move forward to France. But by the 10th century they were driven out of Spain by Christian armies.

The mughal empire of India was founded in the 14th century, and now all of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are under the rule of the sultan from central Asia

Islam also developed greatly during the yuan dynasty in China, but it never gained a dominant position.

5. In addition to the above mentioned, the current islamic countries were almost all islamic countries at that time. But Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries are not included.