critique the successes and failures of initiatives to establish international peace, such as the war of Spanish succession, the war of Austrian succession, and the seven years' war

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that took place between 1756 and 1763. It affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Its main failure was that instead of establishing international peace, it split Europe into two coalitions and created a huge and terrible conflict. Because of its extent, some historians have described it as "World War Zero", similar in scale to other world wars.

The Spanish Succession was triggered by the death of Charles II of Spain, whose closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families, so as a result, there was an acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by by either, which threatened the European balance of power.

The Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the issue of Achduchess Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monerchy. It also originated several events, such as King George's War in British America, the War of Jenkins Ear, the First Carnatic War in India, the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland and, finally, the First and Second Silesian Wars.

As a matter of fact, historians believe that these historical events were suposed to unite kingdoms but, besides that, they created chaos and that was their main failure.