Literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and poll taxes

were enacted by Southern States to

(1) limit the movement of African Americans

(2) restrict the voting rights of African Americans

(3) improve the social status of African Americans

(4) expand educational opportunities for African

Americans

The correct answer is (2)

Literacy tests - Quite a big number of blacks and whites were illiterate. White officials however claimed that illiterate whites could understand what was being read to them and thus were justified to vote, whereas illiterate blacks, so the claim went, could not understand what was being read to them and so were barred from voting.

Grandfather clause - this clause said even though illiterate ad without property, one could still vote if their grandfather voted before 1867. No blacks could vote before 1867 and so the rule worked only for whites.

Poll tax - with a poll tax equivalent to between $25 to $50 in today's money no black could afford it and so they were automatically excluded from voting.