During the Neolithic Revolution, production of a

food surplus led directly to

(1) a nomadic lifestyle

(2) a reliance on stone weaponry

(3) an increase in population

(4) a dependence on hunting and gathering

Among the options, the best is: (3) an increase in population.

Neolithic Revolution was the agrarian Revolution, meaning that a large scale change in the way people obtained food took place: they no longer primarily hunted and gathered food (so option 4 is incorrect) but instead they focused on agriculture and keeping domesticated animals. This was more efficient and allowed for an increase in population.