h (x) = f (x) - c a horizontal shift of f, c units to the right a vertical shift of f, c units down a horizontal shift of f, c units to the left a vertical shift of f, c units up

a vertical shift of f, c units down

Step-by-step explanation:

Given:

- A function h (x) is defined as:

h (x) = f (x) - c

Find:

- The effect of "c" on the f (x) function.

Solution:

- The effect of adding or subtracting any constant to or from a given function f (x) shifts the f (x) value for all values of x by an amount "c"

- This effect can be modeled on a graph by a "vertical shift" i. e there is an increase/decrease in every "y" value by amount "c" units.

- In the case given we see that "c" units have been subtracted from original f (x).

- Meaning, all f (x) values have decreased for every value of x. This can be categorized as vertical shift of f (x) with "c" units down.