The graph of y = x 2 is changed to y = x 2 - 3. How does this change in the equation affect the graph

see explanation

Step-by-step explanation:

Given the graph of f (x) then f (x) + c is a vertical translation of f (x)

• If c > 0 then shift up of c units

• If c < 0 then shift down of c units

Thus y = x² → y = x² - 3 ← c < 0

Is a vertical shift down of 3 units