Chinese artists reinforced national identity during periods of foreign occupation by

By "perpetuating visual symbols of resistance in paintings of nature".

The century of humiliation likewise referred to by some other names, for example, the hundred years of national humiliation, alludes to the time of intercession and dominion by Western powers and Japan in China in the vicinity of 1839 and 1949. The term emerged in 1915, in the environment of rising Chinese patriotism.