Nash, wadem, and brewer (2009) investigated what they termed the doctored evidence effect and propose all but one of these as a possible source of the effect. which one did they not propose

I believe the answer is: elaborate

Doctored evidence effect refers to the act of falsifying the research in a way that would make it favorable for to the researchers.

But often time, the fraud that researchers conducted do not necessarily done in direct falsifying but through elaborating the conclusion from the data.