Medina is looking at the historical period in which smaller groupings of humans developed into much larger societies, often ruled by kings, queens, and emperors, with the creation of cities and increasing inequality. she is studying the birth of what most sociologists call:

She is studying the birth of what most sociologists called the traditional societies or also known as the civilization. They are referred to the society in which had happened or is in the past in which societies ruled by kings, queens and emperors citing increasing of inequality occurs in the past.