According to Kohlberg, what level of moral development is marked by behavior based on external cues (i. e., avoiding punishment) ?

The answer is preconventional.

Explanation:

During this stage, the first on Kholberg's structure of moral development, children don't have a personal moral code. Instead, they act on the codes set by adults and the possible consequences of breaking them (i. e. punishment). This stage usually appears during ages eight or nine.