Concepts, ideas, opinions, feelings, and other intangible entities are often labeled as "insubstantial phenomena." Select one of the following 3 phenomena that would be considered insubstantial, and explain two different ways - one qualitative and one quantitative - that you might measure it:

a) the closeness of undergraduates' social network friends;

b) the "campus climate" at your university;

c) "irrational exuberance" about the stock market.

Insubstantial phenomena are often labeled as concepts, ideas, opinions, and other intangible entities. Of the three phenomena that would be considered insubstantial, I would choose to measure the "campus climate" at my university. Qualitative research is where data is not presented in a numerical data. The purpose of qualitative research is to be able to understand the societal realism of groups, individuals, and cultures as well as gather information while observing/studying people in their natural environment. Quantitative research is a classification of the scientific method that uses different statistical techniques to quantify opinions and information for a particular study. It is designed to understand and emphasize logical reasoning and all measurable information about human experiences.