A researcher employs an IV X PV design to examine attitude towards cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be

a. the gender of the student accused of cheating

b. the university attended (private or public)

c. the class level of the participants (freshmen)

d. the punishment assigned

b. the university attended (private or public).

Explanation:

In this example, the researcher will employ an IV x PV design. An IV x PV design is a factorial design that includes both an experimental independent variable (IV) and a nonexperimental participant variable (PV). This type of design allows researchers to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable. In this experiment, the PV would be the university that the participants attended (IV xPV).

b. the university attended (private or public)

Explanation:

IV x PV design is an experimental research design that gives researchers the opportunity to examine how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

In the IV x PV design, IV denotes to an experimental independent variable, while PV denotes a nonexperimental participant variable (PV).

In the question, male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam is variable being examined or experimented, and it is therefore the IV. On the other hand, the university attended (private or public) are just meant for categorization but not to be examined, and it would therefore be the PV in the design.