Which of the following is NOT one of the principles upon which all bureaucracies are organized?

a. hierarchical authority

b. job specialization

c. merit system

d. formal rules

The merit system is not one of the principles upon which all bureaucracies are organised. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is option "c". It is definitely a specialized job that requires specialized people. It also got certain formal rules that need to be followed by the people. Also there is definite hierarchical authority.