Which of the following statements is true about mutations induced by radiation?

a. xrays, cosmic rays, and UV rays are all classified as ionizing radiation

b. ionizing radiation results in raising electrons to an atom's outer orbitals, a state referred to as excitation.

c. in mammals, chronic irradiation is as effective in inducing mutations as acute irradiation

d. UV radiation results in the formation of purine dimers and purine hydrates

e. xrays can result in gross changes of chromosome structure, such as large deletions, duplications and inversions.

The correct answer is option e.

Explanation:

X-rays refers to the ionizing radiation exhibiting shortest wavelengths and possessing the tendency to pass through the tissues. This tendency of passing through the tissues on getting exposed to X-rays even for brief duration will lead to displacement of electrons from the orbital of molecules and atoms like witnessed in chromosomes.

X-rays are not stable and possess high energy and when this energy passes on to the electrons, it gets displaced resulting in the modifications of the structure of nucleic acid bases in the DNA resulting in chromosomal modifications like inversion, transversion, duplication, and deletion mutations.