Identify and describe the river-based societies in the Indus River valley, Mesopotamia and Egypt (3500-2000 BCE). What factors led to the disruption of the these societies at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE?

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro lived in the Indus River Valley; Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians and Babylonians lived in Mesopotamia; The Nubians first settled in the Nile Valley of Egypt

Explanation:

The Indus River Valley is located in modern day Pakistan and North-West of India. The largest societies that occupied this land are identified as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Farming was a major occupation of the people due to the presence of a fertile flood plain of the river and its surroundings. The alluvial fertile soil of the valley attracted large population and civilization. There was evidence of elaborate housing units with bathroom, well and underground drainage. Pottery, amulets, carved stamp seals and copper tablets are examples of antiquity brought by their early civilization.

Mesopotamia is found in the region which is now a home to the middle east countries of Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey and Syria. It is between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerians were responsible for the earliest form of written language. Their dominant work was agriculture. Their scattered agrarian communities developed the domestication of animals and the notable irrigation techniques which put the rivers Tigris and Euphrates to a good use.

The Nubians first settled in the Nile Valley in Egypt. Egypt is still presently located in North-East Africa. The Nubians were known for trading in gold, copper tools, stone vessels, pots and more. Nubia was referred to as the gateway to the riches of Africa. They were later fractured into small groups of people who were known as Saharan nomads.

The factors that led to the disruption of of these societies: War: Invasion by a stronger army; Flooding; Decline in the economy;