The construct of "am i able" is most related to which term?

The construct corresponds to present simple: the present simple is used when talking about the now. In the case of the question you posted, in a conditional form (making an inquiry) you are asking if you are capable or allow to do something today. Whenever a question is elaborated, the query begins with the pronoun of the person who is asking, followed by the corresponding in time form of the modal verb (to be, which is irregular and for the first person is always "am"), and the verb in the same time or an adjective: am (modal verb in present simple) + I (pronoun for the first person) + able (adjective)

it is related also with the self-efficacy of a person.