All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences except: a. Consistency with existing knowledge b. Dose-response relationship c. Consistency of association in several studies d. Strength of association e. Predictive Value

Answer: Predictive Value.

Explanation: in order to make an inference casual, three criteria must be fulfilled.

They are

1) Consistency with existing knowledge

2) Dose-response relationship

3) Consistency of association in several studies

Predictive value is not a part of the criteria for casual inference. Predictive value is always based on probability of an outcome and casual inference is never about probability.